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I.111  The Massacre at Tur Al-Zagh: Al-Dawayima, 29 October 1948

The Massacre at Tur Al-Zagh: Al-Dawayima, 29 October 1948

Date of Incident

29 Oct 1948

Location

Al-Dawayima, Palestine

Forums

Exhibition, Media

In Partnership With

Palestine Land Society
In collaboration with Palestine Land Society and working first-hand with Palestinian survivors of the 1948 Nakba, FA has uncovered new evidence related to a major massacre carried out by Israeli forces on 29 Oct 1948 in the village of al-Dawayima.

I.107  German Colonial Genocide in Namibia: Swakopmund

German Colonial Genocide in Namibia: Swakopmund

Date of Incident

1904 - 1908

Location

Swakopmund, Namibia

Forums

Exhibition, Media

In Partnership With

Nama Traditional Leaders Association (NTLA), Ovaherero Traditional Authority (OTA)
During their genocidal campaign against the indigenous Ovaherero and Nama, German colonial troops established concentration camps across today’s Namibia. The largest was in the port town of Swakopmund, a logistics hub built by forced labour. Working with local activists, we reconstructed the town as it was at that time, revealing the location of Swakopmund's concentration camp for the first time.

I.106  Chemical Fire at Marathon Refinery

Chemical Fire at Marathon Refinery

Date of Incident

24 Aug 2023 - 28 Aug 2023

Location

Garyville, Louisiana, USA

Forums

Media, Web Platform

In Partnership With

The Guardian, Earthjustice, Healthy Gulf, Louisiana Bucket Brigade, The Descendants Project, Boundless Community Action
When a leaking petrochemical tank at the Marathon Petroleum refinery in Louisiana’s ‘Cancer Alley’ caught fire, it produced a thick plume of toxic smoke that spread for miles over neighbouring communities. Authorities claimed that nearby residents were unaffected, even as reports of severe health impacts emerged. Fearing a cover-up, some of those residents asked FA to investigate.

I.104  The Killing of Hind Rajab

The Killing of Hind Rajab

Date of Incident

29 Jan 2024

Location

Gaza City, Gaza

Forums

Media

Commissioned By

Al Jazeera
On 29 January 2024, a six-year-old Palestinian girl in Gaza City, Hind Rajab, pleaded over the phone for emergency workers to rescue her from a bullet-ridden car. Her body was found two weeks later, alongside the bodies of six of her family members. FA was asked by Al Jazeera’s Fault Lines to investigate the circumstances of their killing.

I.103  The Grenfell Tower Fire: Situated Testimonies

The Grenfell Tower Fire: Situated Testimonies

Date of Incident

14 Jun 2017

Location

Grenfell Tower, North Kensington, London

Forums

Citizens' Tribunal, Media

Commissioned By

A coalition of lawyers representing bereaved families, survivors and affected local residents
The Grenfell Tower Fire was a generational tragedy for London and the UK, ultimately claiming 72 lives. Using a technique called 'situated testimony', we produced seven video interviews with bereaved family members, survivors, and nearby residents, aided by a 3D model of the tower and its surrounding environment. These interviews were screened for the first time as part of Grenfell Testimony Week.

I.99  An Assessment of Visual Material Presented by the Israeli Legal Team at the ICJ

Date of Incident

12 Jan 2024

Location

None

Forums

Legal Process

Commissioned By

Self-Initiated
Forensic Architecture’s analysis of the visual material presented by the Israeli legal team at the ICJ hearing on 12 January 2024 found multiple instances of misrepresentation, mislabelling, and misleading descriptions.

I.96  The Killing of Sammy Baker

The Killing of Sammy Baker

Date of Incident

13 Aug 2020

Location

Amsterdam-West, Netherlands

Forums

Legal Process, Media

In Partnership With

Argos (VPRO)
23-year-old Sammy went to Amsterdam to celebrate his birthday with friends. Three days later, after an episode of mental health crisis, Sammy was shot to death by police, who claim he threatened them with a knife. At the request of Sammy's family, FA and Forensis examined the video evidence and police testimony, while reconstructing Sammy's body position at the moment of the shots.

I.91  Fire in Moria Refugee Camp

Fire in Moria Refugee Camp

Date of Incident

8 Sep 2020

Location

Lesvos, Greece

Forums

Legal Process, Exhibition, Media

Commissioned By

Lawyers for the Moria 6
The fire which destroyed the Moria refugee camp on the Greek island of Lesvos was at least the 247th outbreak to have occurred in and around the overcrowded camp since 2013. Six young asylum seekers who came to be known as the 'Moria 6' were accused of arson and jailed. FA and Forensis reconstructed the fire’s spread, casting significant doubt on the basis for those convictions.

I.87  Shireen Abu Akleh: The Extrajudicial Killing of a Journalist

Shireen Abu Akleh: The Extrajudicial Killing of a Journalist

Date of Incident

11 May 2022

Location

Jenin, Palestine

Forums

Legal Process, United Nations, Human Rights Report

In Partnership With

Al-Haq, Al Haq’s Forensic Architecture Investigation Unit
On 11 May 2022, while reporting on a raid by Israeli occupying forces on the Jenin refugee camp, Palestinian journalist Shireen Abu Akhleh was fatally shot by a convoy of IOF military vehicles. With Al-Haq, we showed that she and her colleagues were explicitly targeted in an unprovoked attack by an IOF marksman despite being identifiable as press, and that she was deliberately denied medical aid.

I.85  Gold Mining and Violence in the Amazon Rainforest

Gold Mining and Violence in the Amazon Rainforest

Date of Incident

2019 - Ongoing

Location

Yanomami Territory

Forums

Media

In Partnership With

The Climate Litigation Accelerator (CLX)
This investigation demonstrates how the Bolsonaro administration’s policies led directly to a rapid spread of destructive gold mining in the Brazilian Amazon and increasing violence against Indigenous communities.

I.83  Sheikh Jarrah: Ethnic Cleansing in Jerusalem

Sheikh Jarrah: Ethnic Cleansing in Jerusalem

Date of Incident

12 May 2021

Location

Sheikh Jarrah, Jerusalem

Forums

Media

Commissioned By

Self-Initiated
This interactive urban narrative explains the ways in which Palestinian families in Sheikh Jarrah are being forcibly displaced, and their struggle with Israeli courts and settler groups. The story traverses multiple scales starting from homes invaded by settlers, and moves to the street, neighbourhood, city and the land, showing how colonial practices and apartheid planning displace Palestinians.

I.82  Russian Strike on the Kyiv TV Tower

Russian Strike on the Kyiv TV Tower

Date of Incident

1 Mar 2022

Location

Kyiv, Ukraine

Forums

Exhibition, Media

In Partnership With

The Center for Spatial Technologies (CST)
The Russian strike on the Kyiv TV tower and the site of Babyn Yar on 1 March 2022 resulted in civilian casualties and urban destruction—but it also pierced through layers of historical strata, exposing a history of violence, genocide and negation that unfolded on the very same ground. This is the first installation in a new long-term collaboration with the Center for Spatial Technologies.

I.79  Living Archaeology in Gaza

Living Archaeology in Gaza

Date of Incident

7th Century BCE - Ongoing

Location

Gaza

Forums

Legal Process, United Nations, Human Rights Report, Media

Commissioned By

Self-Initiated
Decades of bombings and humanitarian disaster inflicted by the Israeli occupation have posed a constant threat not only to Palestinian lives but also to their cultural heritage. FA has conducted the first open-source excavation of this remarkable archaeological site along Gaza’s coastline, illustrating the myriad risks it faces.

I.75  The Black Boxes of Disappearance: Enforced Disappearance in the Siege of the Palace of Justice

The Black Boxes of Disappearance: Enforced Disappearance in the Siege of the Palace of Justice

Date of Incident

6 Nov 1985 - 7 Nov 1985

Location

Bogotá, Colombia

Forums

Legal Process, Exhibition, Media, Truth Commission, Web Platform

Commissioned By

The Commission for the Clarification of Truth, Coexistence and Non-Repetition of Colombia
Our investigation examines the actions of the Colombian security forces in the aftermath of the 1985 siege of the Palace of Justice that resulted in the enforced disappearance of cafeteria workers, students, visitors, guerrillas, and judges.

I.74  The Murder of Lucas Villa

The Murder of Lucas Villa

Date of Incident

5 May 2021

Location

Pereira, Colombia

Forums

Media

In Partnership With

Bellingcat, Cerosetenta, Baudo Agencia Pública
On the 5th of May 2021, Lucas Villa, a Colombian student, was shot and fatally wounded in Pereira, Colombia while participating in the National Strike. Our findings suggest Lucas was targeted in a coordinated assassination.

I.66  The Killing of Zineb Redouane

The Killing of Zineb Redouane

Date of Incident

1 Dec 2018

Location

Rue des Feuillants, Marseille

Forums

Media

In Partnership With

Disclose
80-year-old Zineb Redouane was fatally wounded by a tear gas grenade as she stood at the window of her fourth-floor apartment, as protests continued in the streets outside. A ballistics report cleared the officer who fired the shot of wrongdoing. Working with Disclose, we re-examined the case.

I.55  The Killing of Muhammad Gulzar

The Killing of Muhammad Gulzar

Date of Incident

4 Mar 2020

Location

Kastanies/Pazarkule border crossing, Evros/Meriç region

Forums

Media

In Partnership With

Bellingcat, Lighthouse Reports
After Turkey started encouraging refugees and migrants to cross the Evros/Meriç land border into Greece, reports emerged that Greek forces had responded with live fire, causing multiple casualties. Despite Greece’s official denials, we confirmed that live rounds were indeed fired from the Greek side of the border, that several people were wounded, and one person, Muhammad Gulzar, was killed.

I.52  Shipwreck at the Threshold of Europe, Lesvos, Aegean Sea

Shipwreck at the Threshold of Europe, Lesvos, Aegean Sea

Date of Incident

28 Oct 2015

Location

Aegean Sea, Lesvos

Forums

Exhibition, Media

Commissioned By

Self-Initiated
The death of more than 40 people off the coast of Lesvos in October 2015 was the single deadliest incident in Europe's 'long summer of migration'. One of the survivors, Amel Alzakout, recorded the shipwreck on a waterproof wrist camera. Her footage provides a unique, situated perspective of this tragic event at the threshold of Europe.

I.48  Oil and Gas Pollution in Vaca Muerta

Oil and Gas Pollution in Vaca Muerta

Date of Incident

2 Jan 2013 - Ongoing

Location

Vaca Muerta, Argentina

Forums

Media

In Partnership With

The Guardian
Vaca Muerta is one of the world's largest fossil fuel resources. The 2013 arrival of the international oil and gas industry to the region has irreversibly changed its landscape, inflicting widespread environmental damage. We used satellite images and anthropological reports to investigate the industry's impact upon the traditional ways of life of the indigenous Mapuche people who live there.

I.19  Killing in Umm al-Hiran

Killing in Umm al-Hiran

Date of Incident

18 Jan 2017

Location

Umm al Hiran, Negev/Naqab desert

Forums

Legal Process, Exhibition

Commissioned By

Self-Initiated
A police raid on an ‘illegalised’ Bedouin village in the Naqab/Negev desert led to the deaths of a local man and an Israeli policeman. Police quickly blamed the man for what they called a ‘terror attack’. In fact, as we exposed, Israeli police had fired unprovoked on an innocent driver, causing him to crash into them.

I.38  Lethal Warning: The killing of Luai Kahil and Amir al-Nimrah

Lethal Warning: The killing of Luai Kahil and Amir al-Nimrah

Date of Incident

14 Jul 2018

Location

Gaza City, Occupied Palestinian Territories

Forums

Media

Commissioned By

B’Tselem
Two children died when an Israeli 'warning strike' hit a building in Gaza City. When the Israeli army shared videos of the attack, the strike that killed the teenagers had been removed. Why did the IDF manipulate their own footage? And what does the incident mean for the 'warning strike' policy?

I.36  The Murder of Pavlos Fyssas

The Murder of Pavlos Fyssas

Date of Incident

18 Sep 2013

Location

Athens, Greece

Forums

Legal Process, Media

Commissioned By

Lawyers for the Fyssas family
The murder of an anti-fascist rapper by a member of the neo-Nazi Golden Dawn could bring an end to the group's political ambitions. We analysed CCTV and police audio recordings to reconstruct the events of the night. Our evidence, presented to an Athens courtroom, poses difficult questions for the Greek police.

I.29  The Ali Enterprises Factory Fire

The Ali Enterprises Factory Fire

Date of Incident

11 Sep 2012

Location

Karachi, Pakistan

Forums

Legal Process

Commissioned By

European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights (ECCHR)
260 people died when fire broke out in a factory that made textiles for a German retailer. We exposed failings of regulation and inspection, from overcrowding to a lack of fire escapes, in support of a legal claim against the retailer that could break new ground in corporate responsibility.

I.27  Torture and Detention in Cameroon

Torture and Detention in Cameroon

Date of Incident

1 Jan 2015 - 1 Jan 2016

Location

Far North, Cameroon

Forums

Media

Commissioned By

Amnesty International
In the US-backed war against Boko Haram, Cameroon’s security forces are detaining and torturing civilians with impunity. Investigating allegations made by survivors from two sites of illegal detention, we found US military personnel living and working in close proximity to sites of torture.

I.21  Airstrikes on the al-Jinah Mosque

Airstrikes on the al-Jinah Mosque

Date of Incident

16 Mar 2017

Location

al-Jinah, Syria

Forums

United Nations, Media

Commissioned By

Self-Initiated
When two Hellfire missiles destroyed the Sayidina Omar Ibn al-Khattab mosque during evening prayer, thirty-eight civilians died. Piecing together available videos and aerial imagery, we challenged the Pentagon’s claim that the site was an al-Qaeda meeting house, forcing condemnation from the UN.

I.20  Airstrikes on M2 Hospital

Airstrikes on M2 Hospital

Date of Incident

1 Jun 2016 - 1 Dec 2016

Location

Aleppo, Syria

Forums

Human Rights Report, Media

Commissioned By

Digital Forensic Research Lab, Atlantic Council
Omar Bin Abdul Aziz Hospital was struck fourteen times by munitions fired by the Syrian army, including cluster and barrel bombs. Within a digital model, we corroborated multiple sources of CCTV footage to support claims that Syria and its allies were intentionally targeting civilian hospitals.

I.15  The Bombing of Rafah

The Bombing of Rafah

Date of Incident

8 Jul 2014 - 26 Aug 2014

Location

Rafah, Gaza, Occupied Palestinian Territories

Forums

Exhibition, Human Rights Report, Media

Commissioned By

Amnesty International
When an Israeli soldier was captured and taken into the tunnels below Rafah, the full force of Israel’s military was unleashed. Using smartphone footage and satellite imagery, we mapped the destruction as over two thousand munitions were fired into the city in a single day.

I.12  The Killing of Nadeem Nawara and Mohammed Abu Daher

The Killing of Nadeem Nawara and Mohammed Abu Daher

Date of Incident

15 May 2014

Location

Beitunia, West Bank, Occupied Palestinian Territories

Forums

Exhibition, Media

Commissioned By

DCI Palestine
When Israeli military police killed two Palestinian teenagers, the event was recorded by security cameras, US news teams, and photographers. Using that footage, our audio and image analysis exposed a tactic by which Israeli personnel disguise live rounds as rubber-coated ‘non-lethal’ munitions.

I.11  Knock on the Roof: Drone strike in Beit Lahiya

Knock on the Roof: Drone strike in Beit Lahiya

Date of Incident

9 Jan 2009

Location

Beit Lahiya, Gaza, Occupied Palestinian Territories

Forums

United Nations, Exhibition, Media

Commissioned By

UN Special Rapporteur on Counter Terrorism and Human Rights
An anti-tank missile, fired at the home of the Salha family, left just a small hole in the roof. The bomb that followed three minutes later destroyed the house, killing six people. We interviewed surviving family members and investigated the tactics of the ‘warning shot’.

I.10  Drone Strike in Miranshah

Drone Strike in Miranshah

Date of Incident

30 Mar 2012

Location

Miranshah, Pakistan

Forums

United Nations, Exhibition, Media, Web Platform

Commissioned By

UN Special Rapporteur on Counter Terrorism and Human Rights
Video footage of the aftermath of a drone strike that killed four people was smuggled across siege lines before being broadcast on MSNBC. We analysed the footage frame-by-frame to confirm the location of the building, the consequences of the strike, and the munition used.

I.3  The Use of White Phosphorus in Urban Environments

The Use of White Phosphorus in Urban Environments

Date of Incident

27 Dec 2008 - 18 Jan 2009

Location

Gaza, Occupied Palestinian Territories

Forums

United Nations

Commissioned By

Yesh Gvul, Michael Sfard Law Office
The 2008–2009 conflict saw the use by Israeli forces of white phosphorus, a toxic, flammable and corrosive airborne munition. We analysed the use and effects of the weapon in support of calls to make its use illegal, and presented our report to a 2012 UN convention.

I.2  The Killing of Bassem Abu Rahma

The Killing of Bassem Abu Rahma

Date of Incident

17 Apr 2009

Location

Bil'in, Occupied Palestinian Territories

Forums

Legal Process, Exhibition

Commissioned By

Michael Sfard Law Office, B’Tselem
An unarmed demonstrator was killed by a tear-gas canister fired across the West Bank barrier wall. The army denied it was intentional. We used footage from three cameras to prove that the soldier had intended to kill. Israeli authorities reopened the investigation, but no soldier was ever charged.

Image Complex

The incidents we investigate are often only captured partially by video or audio evidence, and often the most important moments take place ‘off camera’, in the time and space between the documentation that exists.

In such cases, an ‘image-data complex’ is a means by which Forensic Architecture’s investigators can arrange, process and cross-reference that material. An image-data complex is an arrangement of individual pieces of evidence within a digital architectural model, in which, through processes of synchronisation and geo-location, accurate relationships of time and space between those pieces can be established.

The models themselves then become databases that allow our researchers to navigate between multiple sources of evidence.